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Title: Translation of "Without" in English

In English, the word "without" serves various functions depending on its usage within a sentence. Here are some of the primary ways it is translated:

1.

Preposition:

When "without" is used as a preposition, it typically indicates the absence of something or the lack of a particular attribute or condition. It can be translated as:

Without

: This is the direct translation and is commonly used in English sentences such as "She walked home without her umbrella."

Lacking

: Often used to convey the absence or deficiency of something, as in "The project was completed lacking proper resources."

Devoid of

: A more formal or literary way of expressing absence, as in "His speech was devoid of emotion."

Minus

: Informally used to indicate subtraction or removal, as in "Five minus two equals three."

Absence of

: Used to indicate the nonexistence or nonoccurrence of something, as in "The meeting proceeded in the absence of the chairman."

2.

Conjunction:

"Without" can also function as a conjunction, linking two clauses to show that the action in the second clause is done despite the absence of the action in the first clause. It can be translated as:

But

: Often used to contrast two actions, as in "She went to the party without knowing anyone, but she had a great time."

Yet

: Used similarly to "but" to introduce a contrasting circumstance, as in "He managed to finish the race without training, yet he still won."

However

: Conveys a similar meaning of contrast or opposition, as in "The team played well without their star player; however, they still lost the match."

3.

Adverbial Phrase:

In some cases, "without" is used as part of an adverbial phrase to modify a verb, indicating that an action is performed without a certain condition or requirement. It can be translated as:

Sine

: Particularly in formal or technical contexts, such as mathematics or Latin phrases, as in "He solved the equation without using any external assistance."

Minus

: Similar to its use as a preposition, "minus" can also be used as an adverbial phrase to indicate the absence of something, as in "He managed to win the game minus his lucky charm."

These translations capture the various nuances and uses of "without" in English, providing flexibility in expressing absence, lack, or contrast in different contexts.